人血管细胞间粘附分子-1(VCAM-1) 是一个有715个氨基酸组成的I型转膜糖蛋白分子量100到110KD， 其分子内还存在着七个C2型免疫球蛋白区。他的细胞外结构是674个氨基酸多肽，随后的还有一个22个氨基酸的转膜区和一个19个氨基酸的细胞内结构。在他的细胞外结构存在着多个N-型糖基化位点， 因此它的细胞外机构分子量可以增加到80KD左右 （非糖基化分子量大约为74.14KD)。 此外， 每个C2型免疫球蛋白区之间是由一个二硫键所连接起来。人血管细胞间粘附分子-1和大、小鼠的种属同源性在75%左右。但是，长度为19个氨基酸的细胞内尾巴结构在人、小鼠、大鼠之间是保守的。此外，小鼠表达的血管细胞间粘附分子-1，可以结合到小鼠和人的白细胞。说明小鼠和人的血管细胞间粘附分子-1具有类似的功能结构区或同源性。研究资料显示， 血管细胞间粘附分子-1也有分子变异现象，比如人的血管细胞间粘附分子-1可以有六个C2型免疫球蛋白区， 而家兔可以发现8个C2型免疫球蛋白区的变异分子。此外， 还有报告三个C2型免疫球蛋白区形成一个43KD的GPI连接的血管细胞间粘附分子-1。

Human Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is a 100 - 110 kDa, 715 amino acid (aa) type I transmembrane glycoprotein typically characterized by the presence of seven C2-type immunoglobulin (Ig) domains. Its extracellular region is 674 aa in length, followed by a 22 aa transmembrane segment and a 19 aa cytoplasmic tail. In the extracellular region, there are multiple N-linked glycosylation sites (the predicted molecular weight is 80 kDa), and each C2 domain is closed by a disulfide bridge. There is considerable interspecies VCAM-1
homology, with mouse and rat VCAM-1 showing approximately 75% aa identity to human VCAM-1 (2 - 4). Notably, the short 19 aa cytoplasmic tail is absolutely conserved, mouse to human to rat (4). Cells expressing mouse VCAM-1 bind both mouse and human leukocytes, and this reflects their high degree of aa identity (4). A number of variants of VCAM-1 are known to occur, all of which are likely the result of alternate gene splicing. In particular, a human six Ig domain molecule is known (1), and in rabbits, an eight Ig domain form has been identified. There is also a three-C2 domain, 43 kDa GPI-linked form of VCAM-1. Although it binds known VCAM-1 ligands (or co-receptors), its function is unclear. Cells known to express VCAM-1 include neurons, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts and macrophages.
Soluble VCAM-1 has been identified in culture supernates , blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (15, 16). In vitro, basal levels of VCAM-1 shedding by unstimulated NIH3T3 cells appear to partially require metalloproteinase activity, while PMA-induced shedding is dependent upon the proteolytic activity of TACE/ADAM17. Functionally, VCAM-1 binds to both a4b1 (VLA-4) anda4b7 (LPAM-1) integrins. These integrins (or VCAM-1 ligands) are expressed on a variety of cells, with VLA-4 found on all leukocytes with the exception of neutrophils. Because of this, VCAM-1/VCAM-1 ligand interactions are undoubtedly key events in the rate and timing of leukocyte extravasation. Other roles proposed for VCAM-1 include the regulation of osteoclastogenesis via a
cell-to-cell contact mechanism and the induction of sickle cell adherence to vascular endothelial cells during hypoxemia.

Staining of BALB/c splenocytes with staining buffer (autofluorescence) (open histogram) or 0.06 μg PE anti-mouse CD54 (A00250-09PE) (colored histogram). Total viable cells were used for analysis.

Staining of BALB/c splenocytes with staining buffer (autofluorescence) (open histogram) or 0.5 μg FITC anti-mouse CD54 (YN1/1.7.4) (colored histogram). Total viable cells were used for analysis.

Surface staining of mouse splenocytes with anti-mouse CD54 A00250-09FITC) FITC (left), and PE (right). Autofluorescence is shown via open histogram. Total viable cells were used for analysis.

Staining of normal human peripheral blood cells with PE mouse IgG1 isotype control (open histogram) or PE HA58 (colored histogram) [cat.no.: A00250-02PE]. Cells in the lymphocyte gate were used for analysis.

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